GENERAL PHYSICS (6-YEAR PROGRAM, SECOND SEMESTER)   30 HOURS (LECTURES)     1. USEFULNESS OF ELECTROTHERAPY IN MEDICINE – 2 HOURS historical review of electrotherapy; trascutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; conventional TENS; acupuncture like TENS; burst TENS; brief - intense TENS; high voltage pulsed current; diadynamic currents (diphase fixe, monophase fixe, courtes periods, longues periods, rhythme syncope, monophase module); interference current; neuromuscular electrical stimulation; spasticity management NMES; orthotic substitution (gait training, idiopathic scoliosis stimulation) – FES; Kots current; electrical stimulation of denervated muscle; faradic and neofaradic current   2. BIOELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH – 2 HOURS living cells as an electric source; nervous system conducting; electricity in plants; electricity in bone; electric fish; electrocardiograph; electroencephalograph; electronic pacemaker; feedback; electrical safety in hospital (microshock hazards, nature of leakage current, static electricity, electrical and electronic instruments   3. ACOUSTICS: WAVES AND SOUND – 2 HOURS elasticity; properties of sound; reflection and refraction; interference; diffrectation; piezoelectric effect; physics of hearing; decibel scale   4. SOUNDS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE – 2 HOURS hearing testing – audiometry; bats and echoes; sounds produced by animals; clinical uses of sound   5. BIOPHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY – 2 HOURS types of imaging in ultrasound techniques: A mode, M mode and B mode; image quality - frequency importance; practical differentation between probes and it’s properties; Doppler frequency shift; continous Doppler operation and pulsed Doppler operation; color flow imaging operation; Doppler interpretation - importance of angle and direction of interface move; biological mechanisms and possible side effects of ultrasound   6. HISTORY AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS – 2 HOURS short history of optics; basic definitions (geometric optics, Snell’s law, converging lenses, diverging lenses, lens immersed in material medium)   7. OPTICS – 2 HOURS physics of vision; nature of light; refraction and lenses; image formation by eye; common vision defects; optical instruments; color vision; electromagnetic spectrum of light; quantum theory of light; interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter   8. PHOTOTHERAPY (PART I): ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION – 2 HOURS historical introduction; ultra violet radiation dosimetry;  terms and units; measurement of UVR; physical detectors; spectral irradiance measurements   9. PHOTOTHERAPY (PART II): ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION – 2 HOURS biological effects of UV; structure and optics of skin; effects on normal skin; photodermatoses; structure and optics of eye; effects on eye; use of UV in physiotherapy; phototherapy of psoriasis; psolaren photochemotherapy; phototherapy for neonatal jaundice; luminescence techniques in diagnosis   10. LASERS (PART I) – 2 HOURS characteristics of lasers; types of lasers; biological effects of laser irradiation   11. LASERS (PART II) – 2 HOURS clinical application in surgery, dermatology, gynaecology, orthopaedics, rheumatology, biostimulation   12. ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS scale mode of atom; nature of nucleus; spectroscopy; quantum mechanics; types of radioactivity; X-rays; radiation therapy; isotopic tracers; atomic theory and life   13. PHYSICAL METHODS OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS: X - RAY COMPUTED  TOMOGRAPHY - 2 HOURS X - ray production; biophysical properties of X - ray beam ionization; X - ray tubes and generators; basic principles of conventional X - ray imaging; multi dimensional approach in the evaluation of the organ and it’s pathology location in a human body; conventional tomography - description of technique and it’s importance in improving picture quality layers of visualization; biophysical principles of X - ray computed tomography; pixel and voxel differentiation; importance of slice thickness; X - ray transsmittion measurements, coefficient of absorption; CT numbers and Hounsfield units (HU), Hounsfield scale; linear attenuation coefficient; CT generetions and it’s influence on timing and precision of picture; helical CT scanners; radiation dose; reconstruction techniques - biophysical principles of backprojection; importance of “CT window” - benefits of CT imaging over traditional X - ray techniques; X - ray side effects - comparison between traditional radiology and computerized techniques; other digital radiology imaging techniques - digital subtraction angiography - digital processing of signal   14. PHYSICAL METHODS OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS: MAGNETIC NUCLEAR  RESONANCE - 2 HOURS characteristics of selected elements potentially useful on magnetic resonance; Larmor equation, Larmor frequency; generation and detection of MR signal (resonance and excitation, return to equilibrium); comparison between T1 and T2 relaxations; saturation effects and time of repetition; localization of MR signal (magnetic field gradients, slice select gradient, frequency gradient); MR image characteristics; MRI artifacts; motion as a patient - related artifact; MR instrumentation: permanent magnet versus superconductive wires magnet, gradient coils; biological effects of the magnetic field and contraindications for MRI   15. FINAL TEST – 2 HOURS         45 HOURS (LABS )- PRACTICAL EXERCISES    1. ELECTROTHERAPY: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT – 3 HOURS 2. ELECTROTHERAPY: ELECTRODIAGNOSTICS – 3 HOURS 3. ELECTROTHERAPY: TREATMENT – 3 HOURS 4. ELECTROTHERAPY: TREATMENT – 3 HOURS 5. TEST – 3 HOURS 6. BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT – 3 HOURS 7. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY – 3 HOURS 8. SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY AND INFRA RED RADIATION – 3 HOURS 9. OPTICS AND ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION – 3 HOURS 10. TEST – 3 HOURS 11. MECHANICAL WAVES IN MEDICINE: AQUAVIBRON MASSAGE – 3  HOURS 12. ACOUSTICS – 3 HOURS 13. SURFACE TENSION MEASUREMENT – 3 HOURS 14. PHYSICAL METHODS OF IMAGING: USG, CT, NMR – 3 HOURS 15. TEST – 3 HOURS         LITERATURE:   1.      Nave C. R.: Physics for the health sciences.  W B Saunders, Philadelphia, 1985 2.      Fogiel M.: The physics problem solver. REA, 1992 3.      McAnish T. F.: Physics in medicine and biology encyclopedia: medical physics, bioengineering and biophysics. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1986 4.      Halliday R., Walker R.: Fundamentals of physics. John & Sons, 5.      Davidovits P.: Physics in biology and medicine. Academic Press, San Diego, 2001